Alexandrium tamarense

Super Group: 
Alveolata
Phylum: 
Dinophyta
Class: 
Dinophyceae
Order: 
Gonyaulacales
Family: 
Goniodomataceae
Genus: 
Alexandrium
Species: 
tamarense
Cluster: 
Group III
Authority: 
(M. Lebour) Balech emended U. John
Synonym(s): 
tamarense complex Group III
Basionym: Gonyaulax tamarensis M. Lebour
Gessnerium tamarensis (Lebour) A.R. Loebl. III & L.A. Loebl. in Loeblich and Loeblich (1979, p. 44)
Protogonyaulax tamarensis (M. Lebour) F.J.R. Taylor in F.J.R.Taylor (1979, p. 51).
Gonyaulax tamarensis (M. Lebour var. excavata) Braarud in Braarud (1945, p. 9)
Gonyaulax excavata (Braarud) Balech in Balech (1971, p. 28).
Protogonyaulax excavata (Braarud) F.J.R.Taylor in F.J.R.Taylor (1979, p. 52).
Alexandrium excavatum (Braarud) Balech & Tangen. Balech and Tangen (1985, p. 334).

Diagnosis

Cells are as long as wide or slightly longer then wide; cells of strain ATWS01-1 are 33.9 ± 2.1 µm (min 30 µm, max 38 µm, n = 20) wide and 36 ± 2.34 µm (min 32 µm, max 40 µm, n = 20) long. Cell contains many golden brown elongated chloroplasts and a horseshoe-shaped nucleus located in the equatorial part of the cell. The epicone is helmet-shaped and the hypocone roughly trapezoidal. The cingulum is descending about one cingular height. The sulcus broadens in its antapical portion and is delimited on both sides by moderately developed sulcal lists. The cell surface is smooth and ornamented with many scattered small pores. The plate formula is: Po, 4’, 6’’, 5C, 8-10S, 5’’’, 2’’’’. Po is ornamented by several small pores and presents a comma-shaped foramen. A connecting pore is generally not present on Po. Plate 1’ is irregularly rhomboidal, with longer apical right and antapical left sides; in its apical portion, it contacts the Po and in its antapical portion it contacts plate Sa. The ventral pore along the margin between Plate 1’ and 4’ is generally present. Plate 6’’ is as wide as tall or slightly wider than tall. Plate 2’’’’ variable: it can be transversally extended (prevalent type) or dorsoventrally extended, but transitions exist. Plate sp is pentagonal, and its length:width ratio is ∼1; a connecting pore is generally not present on sp. Cells are almost always single, rarely found in chains of two cells in cultures. The cyst is ellipsoidal, with a granular dark brown content and is surrounded by a mucous layer. Isolates are non-toxic. D1-D2 LSU (GenBank KF908805), ITS/5.8S (GenBank KF908813), and SSU (GenBank KF908799).

Body_length: 32-40 µm
Body_width: 30-38 µm

Etymology

From the Tamar River mouth, the type locality of Gonyaulax tamarensis M. Lebour (Lebour 1925).

Type species

Strain ATWS01-1 

Type illustration / Type locality / Type specimen

living cultures : RCC4087, CCMP3431. Type locality: Tamar River Estuary, England, U.K. 

Ecology

Substrate: planktonic
Sociability: solitary
Salinity: marine
pH: neutral

Feeding: Photosynthetic

Life cycle

Phases_alternance: haplontic
Generation: <1 month

Reproduction_mode: asexual_binary
Reproduction_mode: sexual_heterothallic
Resting_stage: cysts_sexual
Resting_stage: cysts_asexual

Feeding behaviour

Photosynthetic

Mode of locomotion

Two flagella typical for Dinophyceae
Flagellum: 2
Motility: motile_swimming

Attached phylogeny

Observation site(s)