Karlodinium veneficum

Super Group: 
Alveolata
Phylum: 
Dinophyta
Class: 
Dinophyceae
Order: 
Brachidiniales
Family: 
Brachidiniaceae
Genus: 
Karlodinium
Species: 
veneficum
Authority: 
(D.Ballantine) J.Larsen in Daugbjerg et al. 2000
Synonym(s): 
Basionym: Gymnodinium veneficum D.Ballantine
Gymnodinium galatheanum Braarud 1957
Woloszynskia micra B.Leadbeater & J.D.Dodge 1966
Gymnodinium micrum (B.Leadbeater & J.D.Dodge) Loeblich III 1970
Gyrodinium galatheanum (Baarud) Taylor 1992
Karlodinium micrum (B.Leadbeater & J.D.Dodge) J.Larsen 2000

Diagnosis

Diagnoses_Species: Karlodinium veneficum J. Larsen. Unarmoured dinoflagellates with chloroplasts containing internal, lenticular pyrenoids and fucoxanthin of fucoxanthin derivatives as main accessory pigments. Amphiesma with arrayw of pluglike structures in a hexagonal configuration. Apical groove straight, ventral pore present. Produces karlotoxin, an agent responsible for fish kills ( Bachvaroff et al. 2009: 145, citing Deeds et al. 2002, 2006, Kempton et al. 2002).

Bloom: Yes
Toxicity: Yes (Karlotoxin)
Pigment: Fucoxanthin

Etymology

Karlodinium: named after Karl Tangen, who isolated the type culture. 

Type species

The type species (holotype) of the genus Karlodinium is Karlodinium micrum (B.Leadbeater & J.D.Dodge) J.Larsen.

Type illustration / Type locality / Type specimen

Type locality: Hamoaze, over Rubble Bank, off King William Point, South Yard, Devonport, England (Bergholtz et al 2006: 189).

Ecology

Substrate: planktonic
Sociability: solitary
Salinity: marine
pH: neutral

Feeding: Photosynthetic

Life cycle

Phases_alternance: haplontic
Generation: <1 month

Reproduction_mode: asexual_binary

Feeding behaviour

Photosynthetic

Mode of locomotion

Two flagella typical for Dinophyceae
Flagellum: 2
Motility: motile_swimming

Attached phylogeny

Observation site(s)

SYMBIONTS

Displaying 1 - 1 of 1
Association with... Region origin Name of site In reference...
Amoebophrya ceratii-Clade-1 Chesapeake Bay - Rhode river J. H. Gunderson, John, S. A., W Boman, C., and Coats, W. D., Multiple strains of the parasitic dinoflagellate Amoebophrya exist in Chesapeake Bay., J Eukaryot Microbiol, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 469-74, 2002.